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HISTORICAL SKETCH 

EXPLANATORY OF 

MEMORIAL 



OR 



Certificate of BJegbei'gljip 



i:nt thk 




U. C. Vs. 



"Nor shall you be forgot 

While Fame her record Keeps." 



J. B. GORDON, General Commanding. 

GEO. MOORMAN, Adjutant General and Chief of Staff. 



nsnDonsET^TEisrTS. 

Atlanta, Ga., May 14, 18i>7, 
Majok General Geo. Moorman, 

Adjutant General and Chief of Staff. 

New Orleans, La. 
T have critically examined the 17. 0. V. Memorial or Certificate of Member- 
ship, as prepared and arranged by you under Section two, Article eight of tin- 
Constitution, and think it is beautiful and appropiate for the purpose of which 
it is intended. 

The representation of the "Battle of Gettysburg," which I witnessed and in 
which I participated, is as nearly correct as it is possible for such a picture 
to be made. 

I approve of the historical features of the Certificate, and of all its sur- 
roundings. It is a gem, fit to enchase and transmit the records of the old heroes 
undying history, to posterity and the ages. 

J. B. GORDON, 
General Commanding U. C. Vs. 



Agricultural College, Miss., April 21, 1897. 
Major General Geo. Moorman, 

Adjutant General and Chief of Staff, U. C. V's, 

New Orleans, La. 
I have critically examined the "Certificate of Membership" for the U. C 
V's, and I pronounce the picture, of the "Bombardment of Fort Sumpter" 
which I witnessed and in which I participated, as historically correct as could 
be made. 1 think the certificate very handsome indeed, and I approve of the 
historical ornaments and setting around the certificate which is to carry the 
record of the old veterans down to countless generations. 

S. D. LEE, 
Lieut. General Commanding Army of Tenn. Dep't, U. C. Vs. 



Dallas. Texas, May 15, 1897. 
Major General Geo. Moorman, 

Adjutant, General and Chief of Staff, U. C. V's. 

New Orleans, La. 
1 have carefully and critically examined the IT. C. V. Certificate of Member- 
ship, and pronounce your ideas and design magnificent, and the execution of 
the work splendid. I approve of its historical features, and all of its details, 
as a most appropriate Memorial or Souvenir to accompany the record and picture 
of the grandest old soldiers in history, to the end of Time. 

W. L. CABELL, 
Lieut. General Commanding 'Trans-Miss, Dep't, U. C. V's. 



Columuia, S. C, May 15, 1897. 
Major General Geo. Moorman, 

Adjutant General and Chief of Staff, U. C. V's , 

New Orleans, La. 
I have examined the l T . C. V. Memorial or Certificate of Membership as 
prepared by you, and join (Jenerals Gordon, Lee and Cabell in certifying to its 
beauty, and appropriateness for the purpose for which it is designed. 

The historic Confederate mementoes and emblems surrounding the record 
of the old veterans glorious service, is a fit setting to accompany the story of 
their glory forever. 

WADE HAMPTON, 
/.a nt. General Commanding Army >>f N. Va. Dep't, U. C. V'b. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH 

EXPLANATORY OF 

MEMORIAL 



OR. 



Certificate of Bjegbef^ip 



IIST THE 



U. C. Vs. 



"Nor shall you be forgot 

While Fame her record Keeps." 



J. B. GORDON, General Commanding. 

GEO. MOORMAN, Adjutant General and Chief of Staff. 






^«3 



\ 



•M* 



Chableston, S. C, April 5, 1897. 

Major General Geo. Moorman, 

Adjutant General and Chief of Staff" U. G. V's, 

New Orleans: 

The picture "Bombardment of Fort Sumter," arranged by you 
on the U. C. V. Certificate, was taken from a drawing sent to you by 
Eev. John Johnson, at one period of the war Engineer in charge of 
Fort Sumter, and the proof was exhibited to us, and we pronounce it 
as nearly correct as such a picture can be made. 

C. IRVINE WALKER, 

Major General Commanding S. C. Div. U. C. V's. 

JNO. JOHNSON, D. D., LL. D., at 

one period of the war Engineer in charge of Fort Sumter. 

I fully indorse the above, as I personally witnessed the bombard- 
ment. 

J. G. HOLMES, 

Adjutant General and Chief of Staff S. C. Div. U. C. V's. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH 

EXPLANATORY OF 

MEMORIAL 

OR 

Certificate of Membership 

IN THE 

XT. a. "vs. 



This little sketch, containing data and extracts from history, 
and facts about the war, which will be of interest to all old veterans, 
and their families, accompanies each one of the U. C. V. Memorials 
or Certificates of Membership issued under Section 2, Article VIII, 
of the U. C. V. Constitution, and is explanatory of it. 

In getting np the Memorial or Certificate of Membership, no 
expense has been spared and it is truly a work of art, so bright 
and beautiful, and so true in all of its details, and historically correct, 
that it is a priceless Souvenir of the war, and proper Memorial for 
the veterans to leave to their families and descendants, and to hand 
down to posterity. It is fit to adorn the walls of any parlor, pict- 
ure gallery or office, and will be a priceless treasure in every house- 
hold where a spark of love and admiration exists for the old South- 
ern heroes who followed the "Stars and Bars" and "Battle Flag" in 
Dixie during the momentous period 1861-1865. 

The idea originated with the Tennessee Division, but marked 
changes have been made in the certificate adapting it to every arm 
of the service, and to the veterans of every Southern State. 

The certificate is a brief epitome of the war, as concise as it is 
possible for it to be made, for at a glance at this beautiful and 
bright picture, the eye takes in the story of the glory of the South. 
It is a complete history within itself, as it shows "The Beginning" 
and "The End," and during the four years of alternate victory and 
defeat, against such terrible odds, it shows all the nags which 
waved over the small but dauntless Confederate army; the symbols 
of the arms of the service, cavalry, infantry and artillery, "Our Navy," 
and a battle scene illustrating the valor of Southern arms, represent- 
ing Heth's Division commanded by Pettigrew of Hill's corps, on the 
left flank of Pickett's immortal charge at Gettysburg, known as the 
high water mark of the Confederacy, as it is believed that the de- 
cline occurred from the moment the shattered remnant of that heroic 
band fell back from Cemetery Hill; and all attested by the Great 
Seal of the Confederacy. 

This for the past. 



For the present, it has space set apart in a wreath for the 
picture of the old soldier to leave his well known and heroic fea* 
tures to those who are to be the guardians of his fame in the years 
to come, and a certificate which gives his name, date of enlistment in 
the Confederate army, rank, service, incidents of his army career, 
date and rank at time of discharge or parole; all of which honorable 
service entitles him to membership in one of the U. C. V. camps, 
which is also stated in it. 

As the Southern Confederacy has vanished from the face of 
the earth, and only lives in history, and in the memory of its de- 
votees, and as there is no government to issue certificates of honor- 
able and distinguished service performed during its brief but glori- 
ous career, this will be the only authentic "memorial" or certificate 
which can now be obtained, signed, as it will be, by the Command- 
ing General of the U. C. Vs. It will be truly a "Scroll of Fame" and 
the only authentic and proper memorial for the veteran to leave to 
his family and to posterity, as the information stated in it is to be 
authenticated by the records and vouched for by his surviving 
comrades, and certified to by the commander and adjutant of the 
U. C. V. camp to which he belongs. This certificate and "Scroll of 
Fame" is pinned to the memorial by four U. C. V. buttons or 
badges representing the "Confederate Battle Flag;" and all attested 
by the U. C. V. Seal. 

"THE BEGINNING.'' 

With many of the old veterans the great war between the North 
and South commenced at the taking of the Arsenal at Liberty, Mo., 
on April 20th, 1861, at the skirmish at Rock Creek, Mo., near 
Independence, on June 13th, 18G1, Booneville, Mo., on June 20th, 
at Carthage, Mo., July 15th, Williamsport and Falling Waters, Va., 
on July 2d, Rich Mountain, July 11th, Manassas on July 21st, 
Belmont, Mo., Nov. 7th, Fishing Creek January 19th, 1862, Fort 
Donelsou on February 13th, 1862, etc; or, in other words, for each 
individual upon the field where he first met the foe in the shock of 
battle; but as this picture is an authentic Historical Souvenir, it 
begins for all at "The Beginning," "The Bombardment of Fort 
Sumter," as is shown at the top in the left hand corner, where, on 
April 12th, 1861, at 4:30 A. M, by order of General G. T. Beaure- 
gard, the signal gun was fired, the report of which was heard in 
every home in this land. 

It is true that hostile guns had been fired at the "Star of the 
West" on January 9th, 1861, and it is claimed by some that the first 
gun of the war was fired on this date, as South Carolina had seceded 
on December 20th, 1860. But this was the act of the Citadel Cadets 
iu the State service; the difference l»ein.^ that the "First Gun" at 
Fort Sumter was fired under the orders of the Confederate Govern- 
ment, by the command of Confederate officers, which is thus des- 
cribed bj Personne to one of his celebrated letters, dated Charles- 
ton, April K»th, 1861: 



"The resignation of Hon. Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the 
Interior, followed on the 8th of January. Even then, orders for re- 
inforcement had been issued, for that very night, January 9, the 
Star of the West arrived off Charleston bar with 250 troops on board 
and at dawn, attempted to steam up to Fort Sumter. Our little two 
mm battery of the Morris Island Battery, manned by Citadel Cadets, 
first sent a warning shot across her bows without effect, then open- 
ed fire in earnest, one shot striking near the rudder and another 
about two feet above the water line. When within range of a mile 
and a half, Fort Moultrie also opened fire, whereupon the steamer 
went about and headed for the North. 

"Major Anderson sent word that he would consider this an act 
of war unless disavowed and would not permit any vessel to pass 
within range of his guns. Gov. Pickens retorted that the Presi- 
dent well understood that the sending of any reinforcements would 
be regarded as an act of hostility; that tbe occupancy of Fort Sum- 
ter was in itself an act of positive hostility and under the circum- 
stances, the act of that morning was perfectly justified by him. 
Anderson replied that he would refer the whole matter to Wash- 
ington. . - •_ 

"In view of the seriousness of the situation, the Governor now 
called together his board of ordnance and engineers, to report a 
plan for operating against Fort Sumter, for defending the harbor 
and preventing reinforcements. They did so and the construction 
of batteries was promptly begun." 

The events connected with the "Bombardment of Fort Sumter," 
the firing of the first gun of the War, and description of the Fort, 
is thus given by Personne in one of his famous letters: 

FIBST GUN. 

"Charleston, S. C, April 12, 1861. 
"The battle is on! The object of the second and last visit to 
Major Anderson, by Col. Chesnut and Capt. Lee, was again to press 
upon him the fact 'that the Confederate authorities did not need- 
lessly desire to bombard Fort Sumter, and that if it were true that 
he would, as he had declared on the former visit., 'be starved out 
anyway in a few days,' he might indicate the time at which he 
would evacuate the work, provided he would agree not to use his 
guns against us, unless ours should be employed against Fort 

"To this proposition, after a discussion with his officers, lasting 
nearly three hours, Anderson replied that he would evacuate the 
fort on the 15th inst. and would not in the meantime open his fire, 
unless some hostile act against the fort or the flag of his govern- 
ment compelled him to do so, and should he not receive prior to 
that time, controlling instructions from his government, or addi- 
tional supplies. Both the Confederate authorities and Anderson 



himself, knew perfectly well that at that moment the Federal fleet 
was approaching the bar and would probably evdeavor to establish 
communication with the fort before the time signified. 

"Without further parley, and acting under the instructions of 
their chief, the Confederate messengers now handed to Major 
Anderson, the following note: 

'Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861. 
3:30 A. M. 

'Sir: By authority of Brig. Gen. Beauregard, commanding the 
provisional forces of the Confederate States, we have the honor to 
notify you that he will open the fire of his batteries on Fort Sum- 
ter in one hour from this time. 

We have the honor, &c, 

'Cheskut, 

'Lee." 

"These officers at once repaired to Fort Johnson and in accord- 
ance with previous instructions, orders were given to fire the 
signal gun at the hour specified. Daylight had not yet come, but 
every officer and private in the entire circle of batteries was at his 
post. The bells of the distant city, strike one-two-three-four and a 
group of serious faced men gather round the guns that are to 
sound the tocsin of civil war. Watch in hand, they await the ap- 
proach of the half hour, and as the last second of the last minute 
is marked on the dial-plate, Capt. George S. James, the commander 
of Fort Johnson, pulls a lanyard; there is a Hash of light and a ten 
inch shell traces its pathway towards Fort Sumter with a long thin 
line of fire. Rising high in air and curving in its course, it burst 
almost directly over the work. A second shell was quickly fired by 
Lieut. Wade Hampton Gibbes. 

"But a brief silence intervened, when a gun opened from the 
Iron-clad Battery on Cumming's Point, and to Edmund Kuffin of 
Virginia, a venerable man who had been elected an honorary 
member of the Palmetto Guards, was accorded the distinction of 
firing its first shot. Hardly had the echoes passed away, when all 
the mortars in the neighborhood opened and in a few minutes Fort 
Sumter was the center of a circle of fire. 

"The position of the several fortifications may now be briefly 
described. At Cumming's Point between 1200 and 1300 yards 
from the fort are three distinct batteries; one known as the 'Tra- 
pier' battery, consisting of three ten inch mortars, manned by the 
Marion Artillery under the command of Capt. J. Gadsden King; 
another which may be designated as the 'Point' battery, consisting 
of three ten inch mortars, two 42 pound guns, and one 12 pound 
rifled Blakely presented to Charleston by Mr. C. K. Prioleau of 
Liverpool. In the center is the Iron-clad or Stevens' Battery, 
mounting three eight inch Columbiads. It is so named because it 



has been constructed under the direct supervision of Clement H. 
Stevens, Esq , one of our Charleston bank officials, but it might 
with equal propriety have been called the William Gilmore Simms 
Battery, since the peculiar device was suggested by the distin- 
guished author, in a series of letters; first lo Hon. W. Porcher 
Miles, when a member of the Convention, and subsequently to the 
Confederate Congress. These letters being referred to Gen. Jami- 
son, as Secretary of War, that gentleman instructed Gen. Trapier 
to undertake the work and it was continued as above mentioned by 
Mr. Stevens. 

"The effectiveness of the Iron Battery consists in a roof of rail- 
road iron— the rails being alternately inverted — rising from the 
sand at an angle of about forty-three degrees, supported by heavy 
wooden beams and flanked by layers of sandbags. The muzzles of 
its heavy guns protrude through iron skylights or shutters that 
are caused to rise automatically before and after each discharge. 
The mortars in the Point and Iron batteries are under the general 
supervision of Maj >r P. F. Stevens of the Citadel and manned by 
the Palmetto Guard under Capt. G. B. Cuthbert. 

"Opposite and north of Fort Sumter on Sullivan's Island and 
1800 yards distant, is Fort Moultrie with an armament of thirty 
guns, but of these only nine bear directly upon Fort Sumter. They 
are specifically designated as the 'Sumter battery' and are com- 
manded by Lieutenants Alfred Rhett and John Mitchell Jr. They 
are among the guns spiked by Major Anderson when he abandoned 
the fort and are the heaviest of its ordnance. Four hundred yards 
nearer the city is a Dahlgren battery with one 9 inch gun, a battery 
of two 10 inch mortars and an enfilade battery of two 24 and two 32 
pound guns, the latter under the command of Lieut. Jacob Valen- 
tine, one of the veterans of the Mexican war. Both are under the 
general direction of Capt. J. H. Hallonquist. Anchored at the end 
of Sullivan's Island and still nearer the city, is the Floating Bat- 
tery, a mere mud fiat fortified with a front wall of palmetto logs 
faced with iron. Its two 32 and two 42 pound guns are under the 
command of Capt. John Randolph Hamilton, an ex- officer of the 
United States Navy." 

About 3 P. M. on April 13, 1861, Fort Sumter surrendered, 
which is told by Personne as follows: 

FIGHTING AMID FIRE. 

"Charleston, S. C, April 13tb, 1861. 

********* 

"About eight o'clock, Col. Ripley began to throw hot shot from 
Fort Moultrie, and shortly afterwards, on the southern portion Of 
Sumter, was seen a tall, steadily ascending column of smoke. At 
first, it was thin and pale, but every moment it grew darker and 



8 

darker until, shootiDg out from ihe base of the black pillar, great 
yellow tongues of flame lapped the tops of the barracks and officers' 
quarters. In the city, the spectators at first thought that Major 
Anderson was signalling the fleet: but the impression was qnicklv 
succeeded by the startling shout— TORT SUMTER IS ON FIRE!' 

"The suspense was now painful. The cannonade from the fort, 
before fierce and rapid, became slow and irregular, like the dying 
gasps of a stricken warrior. The great assemblage contemplated the 
strange spectacle with a feeling of awe and in bated breath and sol- 
emn silence, testified its sympathy for the gallant soldiers now 
contending with an element more implacable than man. 

"At nine o'clock the flames appeared to be abating, but at ten, 
another column of white smoke suddenly arose high above the bat- 
tlements, followed by an explosion. It was evident that the fire had 
reached a magazine. Then, from the island, we could see the quar- 
ters falling in; the blackened chimneys toppling above the walls and 
gradually the flames sinking behind the parapet. We knew, however, 
that Anderson and his men were still alive, at least some of them, 
for during all this trying period, there came a shot at intervals to one 
battery or another, as if to say, 'You have killed me, but I'm dying 
game!' 

"Such was the impression made by this display of dogged courage 
under circumstances so desperate, that at every flash from the muz- 
zles of his guns, our soldiers would leap to the crest of the earthworks 
and send up cheer after cheer for the gallant defender of Fort Sum- 
ter. A signal of distress was made to the fleet in the offing, but 
there being no response from that quarter, it was left to Beauregard 
to tender the merciful assistance for which the call had been made. 
Captain Stephen D. Lee and Colonels "William Porcher Miles and 
Roger A. Pryor were accordingly dispatched on this errand. 

"Between one and two o'clock, a shot from Sullivan's Island 
severed the flagstaff and brought down the stars and stripes. Ten 
or fifteen minutes elapsed before the flag reappeared and doubt arose 
whether Major Anderson intended to raise the flag at all. During 
this interval, ex-Senator Wigfall of Texas, a volunteer aide of Beau- 
regard, with that peculiar independence which has marked his entire 
career, accompanied by Private Gourdin Young of the Palmetto 
Guard, pushed off from Morris Island in a rowboat and showing a 
handkerchief on the point of his sword, went to Fort Sumter. Be- 
fore he reached his destination, however, the flag was again flying. 
Some of our batteries, therefore, still continued their fire, those in 
command not being aware of the unofficial and unauthorized mission 
in progress. 

"Arriving at the ledge of rocks around the base of the fort. Col. 
Wigfall was met by Lieut. Snyder and conducted to Major Anderson. 
A parley ensued. The former announced that he was an aide to 



Gen. Beauregard, and observing the condition of affairs— the flag 
down and the garrison in a great strait— he had come to receive a 
surrender and offer such assistance as might be required. He like- 
wise remarked to Major Anderson that he had nobly done his duty 
in conducting the defence and to prolong the contest would be to 
unnecessarily risk the lives of his command without commensurate 
results. Major Anderson replied that his flag had been hoisted 
again, but that the Confederate batteries did not seem to respect the 
truce. 

"Col. Wigfall stated that the batteries on Cumming's Point had 
ceased firing and those on Sullivan s Island would follow the example 
as soon as they were apprised of the truce; but, he, added, 'they will 
continue to fire as long as the United States flag is flying.' Major 
Anderson then desiring to know what terms he came to offer, Col. 
Wigfall replied, 'the terms that have already been offered you by 
Gen. Beauregard, who is a gentleman and a soldier and knows how 
to treat a brave enemy. The precise nature of these Gen. Beaure- 
gard will arrange with you. 'Then,' replied Major Anderson, 'I have 
no other resource; we are all in flames and my men will shortly suf- 
focate.' 

"Col. Wigfall now left the fort, when the flag was taken down, a 
white flag raised and the firing entirely ceased. On his return to 
Cumming's Point, the impulsive Texan who had thus assumed such a 
vast responsibility, was received with great enthusiasm, but his unau- 
thorized act led to annoying complications. 

"The boat containing Captain Lee and Colonels Pryor and Miles 
who had started to offer assistance, turned back to the city on the re- 
appearance of the flag, believing that Major Anderson intended still 
to. press the fight, but now, seeing the white flag raised, they again 
pushed on to the fort. Announcing that they had come directly from 
Gen. Beauregard, they were informed of the visit of Col. Wigfall, 'as 
an aide to and by authority of Gen. Beauregard.' Major Anderson 
was promptly told that Col. Wigfall being absent from headquarters 
had not seen Beauregard for two days. Naturally vexed at the awk- 
ward position in which he had been placed, Major Anderson expressed 
much regret at his action, and proposed to resume the fight, but he 
finally consented to reduce to writing the terms proposed by Col. 
Wigfall and those upon which he would evacuate the fort. This note 
was brought to Gen. Beauregard by Capt. S. D. Lee, and thereupon, 
Major D. R. Jones, Assistant Adjutant General, and Col. Charles 
Allston Jr. were forthwith despatched to more formally arrange the 
terms of capitulation. These are identically the same as those offered 
on the 11th of April, namely: 

"First. That all proper facilities shall be offered for removing 
Major Anderson and all his command, together with company arms 
and property and all private property. 



10 

'Second. That the Federal flag, so long and bravely defended 
shall be saluted by the vanquished on taking it down. 

"Third. That Major Anderson shall be allowed to fix the time 
of surrender, to take place, however, sometime to-morrow (Sunday). 

"And so, has happily ended the most eventful day in the history 
of South Carolina. No one has been hurt." 

Pollard says: "It appeared indeed that a Divine control had 
made this combat bloodless, and that so wonderful an exemption 
might have invited both sections of America to thoughts of gratitude 
and peace." 

SYMBOLS OF EACH ARM OF THE SERVICE. 

Are represented by the cavalry hat and crossed sabres under the 
flags, at top, and the cannon and small arms on the left under the 
"Bombardment of Fort Sumter" represent the infantry and artillery. 

FLAGS OF THE CONFEDERACY. 

The following is the order in which the flags were adopted by 
the Confederate Congress. 

First Flag, was the "Stars and Bars," and is the right hand flag 
of the three in the top centre, with seven stars in a circle, and was 
adopted by the Confederate Congress at Montgomery, Ala., on the 
4th day of March, 1861, just one month after the organization of the 
government, witnessed the first raising of its flag, which Personne 
thus describes: 

THE FIRST CONFEDERATE FLAG. 

"Montgomery, Ala., March 5th, 1861. 

******** 

"Yesterday, the committee having the matter in charge, through 
its chairman, William Porcher Miles, presented its report, and inas- 
much as it may not be immediately published in full and is of gene- 
ral interest, I send you a summary. It states that 'the immense num- 
ber of models submitted may be divided into two great classes, first, 
those which copy and preserve the principal features of the Fnited 
States flag with slight and unimportant modifications, and second, 
those which are very elaborate, complicated and fantastical. The 
objection to the first class is that none of them could, at any consider- 
able distance, be readily distinguished from the one which they imi- 
tated. And it is superfluous to dwell upon the practical difficulties 
that would flow from the fact of two distinct and probably hostile 
governments both employing the same or similar flags. It would be 
a political and military solecism. 



11 

i.«" As , to , the S lories of the old flag, we must bear in mind that the 
battles of the revolution about which our proudest memories cluster 
were not fought beneath its folds; and although in the war of 1812 
and the war with Mexico, the South won her share of glory, the im- 
partial page of history will commemorate the fact more imperishably 
than a piece of striped bunting. When the colonies achieved their 
independence of the Mother country, thpy did not desire to retain 
the British flag or anything similar to it. Yet under that flag thev 
had been planted, nurtured and fostered; they had repelled and 
driven back the savage and carried it into the wilderness as the stan- 
dard of religion and civilization. Under it the youthful Washington 
won his spurs in the memorable expedition of Braddock and Ameri- 
cans helped to plant it on the Heights of Abraham, where fell the im- 
mortal Wolfe. 

"But our forf fathers when they separated themselves from Great 
Britain— a separation not on account of their hatred to the English 
Constitution or of English institutions, but in consequence of the 
tyranny and unconstitutional rule of Lord North's administration and 
because their destiny beckoned them to independent expansion, cast 
no lingering regrets behind them. They were proud of their race 
and lineage, proud of their heritage in the glorious genius and lan- 
guage of old England, but they determined to build up a new power 
among the nations of the world. They did not therefore keep the 
old flag. We think it good to imitate them in this comparatively 
little matter as well as to emulate them in the more important ones. 

"It must be admitted however, that something was conceded by 
the Committee to what seems so strong a desire to retain at least a 
suggestion of the 'Stars and Stripes.' A flag should be simple, easily 
made and capable of being made up in bunting. It should be readily 
distinguished at a distance, the colors, well contrasted and durable 
effective and handsome. That which the Committee submit com- 
bines these requisites. It is entirely different from any national flag, 
lue three colors of which it is composed, red, white and blue, are 
true republican colors. In heraldry, they are emblematic of the three 
great virtues of Valor, Purity and Truth. Naval men assure us that 
it can be recognized and distinguished at a great distance. 

"Your Committee therefore recommend that the flag of the Confed- 
erate States of America, shall consist of a red field with white spaces 
extending horizontally through the centre and equal in width to one- 
third the width of the flag. The red spaces above and below are to 
be of the same width as the white, the union blue extending down 
through the white space and stopping at the lower red space; in the 
center of the union, a circle of white stars corresponding in number 
with States in the Confederacy. 

"It may prove an interesting historical incident that this first 
flag was raised by Judge Alexander B. Clitherall of Montgomery. By 



12 

reason of his connection with the Provisional Congress, he was ena- 
bled to obtain in advance of its publicity, a description of the design 
agreed upon and with the aid of a number of ladies, he promptly 
fashioned a flag for use. Then, repairing to the roof of the Capitol, 
he awaited halliard in hand the signal from the legislative hall below 
that should announce the vote of approval. But an instant elapsed 
after it was known, when the graceful folds of the standard were 
waving in the breeze. The Congress was at once informed; the news 
spread through the city, a throng assembled in front of the capitol 
and as the call of the sturdy Alabainaian still standing at his post, a 
picture of patriotic animation, rang out clear and distinct as a trum- 
pet, they responded with a mighty shout in 'Three cheers for the Con- 
federate flag.' " 

The seven stars in the circle in this flag, represented following 
States: 

South Carolina, seceded Dec. 20, 1860. 

Florida, seceded Jan. 7, 1861. 

Mississippi, seceded Jan. 9, 1861. 

Alabama, seceded Jan. 11, 1861. 

Georgia, seceded Jan. 20,'1861. 

Louisiana, seceded Jan. 26, 1861. 

Texas, seceded Feb. 1, 1S61. 

Second Flag, was the "Battle Flag," the left hand flag of the 
three in the top centre. The "Battle Fag" was designed by General 
Beauregard, and adopted by General Joseph E. Johnston, after the 
first battle of Bull Run, and never was adopted by the Confederate 
Congress but became by common consent the "Battle Flag" of all the 
Confederate armies, and remained so until the close of the war, waving 
over the carnage and wreck of nearly two thousand battlefields. In 
regard to this flag, General Joseph E. Johnston is quoted by a writer 
in the Confederate Veteran as having said: 

"At the battle of Bull Run, the 'stars and bars' proved a failure 
because they were so much like the Union colors. Indeed, both 
armies mistook their enemies for friends, and vice versa. After the 
battle I resolved to discard this Jlag, and called for each regiment to 
procure its State colors. This they were unable to do, and I asked 
the army for new designs. Among those presented, one by General 
Beauregard was chosen, and I altered this only in making it square 
instead of oblong. This flag was afterwards adopted by the Confed- 
erate armies generally. It was a Greek cross of blue with white 
stars on the blue bars." 

The same writer says "This flag by the way, was designed by the 
Jate Col. J. B. Walton, of Louisiana, Commander of the Washington 
Artillery, and presented to General Beauregard." 



IB 

General Marcus J. Wright, War Department, War Records 
Office, Washington, writes as follows: 

"April 29th, 1897. 

« * * * rp^ oa m e j\ a g never was adopted by the Confederate, 
Congress, but became by common consent the flag of all the Confed- 
ex'ate armies." 

In the Memorial Hall in New Orleans, is a silk battle-flag turned 
over with personal effects of General G. T. Beauregard. This flag is 
the pattern par excellence. It is 6 feet 3 inches long, by 4 feet 8 inches 
wide. The cross is three inches wide; the stars are white, and there 
is no Bind around it, or between the blue cross and the red ground." 
Pinned to this flag as deposited in Memorial Hall, New Orleans, by 
General Beauregard's sons, is the following named statement of Gen- 
eral Beauregard: 

"Battle flag of the late Confederacy, designed by Generals Beaure- 
gard and Johnston, at Fairfax Court House, Va., in September, 1861, to 
" prevent the confusion of flags which had occurred at the battle of 
" Manassas, July 21, 1861." 

This flag was one of the first made and was presented to General 
Beauregard by Miss Hattie Carey of Baltimore who made it from one 
of her own dresses, she is now the widow of the gallant General 
Pegram killed in Virginia the last year of the war, only a fortnight 
after his marriage. 

Signed General G. T. Beauregard." 

But it was used both square and oblong as fancy dictated, and was 
used both with the band between the blue cross and the red ground, 
and without it. 

Third Flag, which is the centre flag of the three, was adopted 
by the Confederate Congress as the "National Flag" of the Confed- 
erate States on May 1st, 1863. and waved over many of the greatest 
battles of the war. 

Fourth Flag, and the last flag of the Confederacy, which is the 
flig in the right hand corner at top, ascending into the clouds, was 
adopted by the Confederate Congress on the 4th day of March, 1865, 
as the "National Flag" of the Confederate States, for the reason that 
when the flag adopted May 1st, 1863, the third flag, fell limp around 
the staff it looked like nfiag of truce — the white only showing; there- 
fore the red bar was put across the end so it could never be mistaken 
for a flag of truce. This flag thus altered saw very little service, but 
was the last flag of the Confederac} r . 

Many State Hags, banners, ensigns and devices were used, amongst 
others was the 

SILVER MOON BANNER, 

which a writer in the Confederate Veteran thus describes : 

"We repeatedly heard during the war that among the many 
designs submitted to the War Department for battle flags, this one, 
the full orbed silver moon in a blue field surrounded by a white 



14 

border, was designed by Brig.-Gen'l W. J. Hardee, who organized and 
commanded the troops, afterwards commanded by Major-General S. 
B. Buckner, and better known at the close of the war as Cleburne's 
Division, and it was by him adopted as the ensign of his chivalric 
troops, this right being a special grant by the authorities at Rich- 
mond for his Division only." 

Probably the most romantic and pathetic incident of the war, 
connected with the Confederate Flag, was the 

burial of jo shelby's battle flag. 

After the sorrowful separation at Corsicana, Texas, in June, 1865, 
Shelby with five hundred officers and men determined not to surrender 
and to march into Mexico and try their fortunes in the service of the 
ill-fated Emperor Maximilian in that land. The command reached 
El Paso, on the Rio Grande, about the first day of July, 18G5, and he 
determined upon the romantic idea that as he left Confederate soil 
and before starting from the Mexican town Piedras Negras opposite 
El Paso upon his march to the Mexican capital, that he would bury 
his flag in the waters of the Rio Grande. This was the last flag which 
waved upon Confederate soil — it had never been surrendered. The 
historic ceremony was performed on the 4th day of July, 1865, which 
is thus described in Col. Jno. N. Edwards' book, "Jo Shelby and 
his men." 

"And now a sad scene occurred before the Confederates marched 
southward from this Mexican city. The old tattered battle-flag of 
the division was brought from its resting place and given once more 
to the winds. Rent and bruised, and crimson with the blood of 
heroes — it had never been dishonored. Missouri breezes had felt the 
flapping of its silken folds; woman's imperial hand had decorated it 
with battle-mottoes; sweet, coy victory — her locks heavy with the 
dust of conflicts and red with the blood of martyrs — had caressed it 
often and tenderly; ambition had plumed it with the royal crest of 
triumph; fate and dear dauntless hearts had borne it flashing like a 
meteor upon the rough stormy waves of battle waters; shining like 
the face of a struggling king, it had gleamed grandly through the 
smoke and sorrow of two hundred desperate fields; and broad barred 
now, and worn, and old — it was displayed once more to its followers 
before the swift waves of the Rio Grande closed over it forever. It 
was yet early morning on the 4th of July, 1865. The picturesque 
mountains of El Paso del Aquilar were in full sight, and imparted 
additional grandeur to the ceremony thus solemnized by the roman- 
tic chief, whose exploits with his Missouri Cavalry have shed the 
luster of renown upon the pages of his country's history. With bare, 
bowed heads, Shelby's soldiers gathered around the dear old banner. 
It had been all to them, and they worshiped it. Colonels Elliott, 
Williams, Gordon, Slayback and Blackwell held it up lor a few brief 
moments above the rushing tide; the sun shone out broad and good 



15 

upon the Upturned faces of those engaged in silent prayer — and at 
last, with not a dry eye among all those five hundred stern soldiers, 
the Bxttle Flag of S'lelby's division was lowered slowly and sadly 
beneath the water. Colonel A. W. Slayback has immortalized the 
event in poetry, and as a requiem above the grave of the buried 
banner, I reproduce it here. There are lips yet, sweet and pleading, 
to sing the sorrowful song, and there are hearts yet to glow and grow 
strong when the mournful measure has been ended: 

THE BURIAL OF SHELBY'S FLAG. 

A July suiij in torrid clime, gleamed on an exile band, 

Who, in suits of gray 

Stood in mute array 
On the banks of the Rio Grande. 

They were dusty and faint with their long, drear ride, 
And they paused when they came to the river side, 

For its wavelets divide, 

With their flowing tide 
Their own dear land, of youth, hope, pride, 
And comrades' graves who in vain had died, 
From a stranger's home in a land untried. 

Above them waved the Confederate Flag, with its fatal cross of stars, 

That had always been 

In the battle's din, 
Like a pennon of potent Mars. 

And there curved from the crest of their leader a plume, 
That the brave had followed in joy and gloom, 

That was ever in sight 

In the hottest fight 
A flaunting dare for a soldier's tomb, 
For the marksman's aim and the cannon's boom, 
For it bore a charm from the hand of doom. 

Forth stepped that leader then and said to the faithful few around, 

'This tattered rag 

Is the only flag- 
That floats on Dixie ground. 
And this plume that I tear from the hat I wear 
Of all my spoils is my only share; 

And brave men ! I swear 

That no foe shall dare 
To lay his hand on our standard there. 
Its folds were braided by fingers fair; 
'Tis the emblem now of their deep despair. 

"Its cause is lost. And the men it led on mauy a glorious field, 

In disputing the tread 

Of invaders dread, 
Have been forced at last to yield. 
But this banner and plume have not been to blame, 
No exulting eye shall behold their shame; 

And these relics so dear 

In the waters here 
Before we cross shall burial claim; 
And while yon mountains may bear a name 
They shall stand as monuments of our fame, 



16 



Tears stood in eyes that had looked on death in every awful form 

Without dismay, 

But the scene that day 
Was sublimer than mountain storm! 
'Tis easy to touch the veteran's heart 
With the finger of nature, but not of art. 

While the noble of soul. 

Lose self-control, 
When called on with flag, home and country to part, 
Base bosoms are ever too callous to start, 
With feelings that generous natures can smart. 

They buried then that flag and plume in the river's rushing tide, 

Ere that gallant few 

Of the tried and true 
Had been scattered far and wide. 
And that group of Missouri's valiant throng, 
Who had fought for the weak against the strong — 

Who had charged and bled 

Where Shelby led 
Were the last who held above the wave 
The glorious flag of the vanquished brave, 
No more to rise from its watery grave ! 



OUR NAVY 

Is represented by the Naval Fight in Hampton Roads, on the left 
hand margin of the memorial, which is considered one of the most 
marvelous achievements in naval warfare, and is thus described by 
Pollard in the "Lost Cause:" 

''About eleven o'clock in the morning of the 8th of March 1862, the 
Virginia cast loose from her moorings at the Gosport navy yard, and 
made her way down Hampton Roads. On her approach being sig- 
nalled, orders were immediately issued by Capt. Marston of the 
Roanoke for his own vessel, the Minnesota, and the St. Lawrence to 
get under weigh. The Cumberland and Congress had previously 
perceived 'the great Secesh curiosity,' and had beat to quarters, and 
prepared for action. The Virginia came slowly on, not making more 
than five knots per hour, and accompanied by the Raleigh and Beaufort. 
The pivot guns of the Cumberland opened on her at about a mile's dis- 
tance. There was no reply; the vessel moved tranquilly on; hundreds 
of spectators at the wharves on both sides of the river watching her 
progress, and the crews of the enemy's frigates awaiting with derisive 
curiosity the singular iron roof bearing down upon them. As she 
passed the Congress at three hundred yards she received a harmless 
broadside. 'The balls bounced upon her mailed sides like iudia rub- 
ber.' Returning the broadside, and in the midst of a heavy fire from 
the shore batteries, the Virginia made straight for the Cumberland, 
which had been swung across the channel, to bring her full broad- 
side to bear upon the approaching enemy. It was a crisis wrapped 



17 

in fire and smoke. Broadside after broadside of the Cumberland 
blazed out of her eleven nine-inch Dahlgrens. The Virginia kept 
straight on, without returning a shot or showing a single man. 
Minutes seemed hours. Then there was a dull, heavy blow, and the 
iron-armed prow of the Virginia had struck the Cumberland near the 
bow, and below the water line. The frigate was driven back upon 
her anchors with great force; a ragged hole had been opened into 
her in which a man might have passed, the sound of the rush of 
water into her told that she was doomed. Still her crew manned her 
guns, and were prepared to give an example of courage among ihe 
most memorable and brilliant of naval warfare. The Virginia had 
backed, and was now sweeping the decks of the Cumberland with 
broadside after broadside in merciless succession. But there was no 
sign of surrender on the part of the gallant enemy. As the ship 
canted over, just ready to sink, she still kept up her useless fire. Her 
last gun was fired just above the water, and as the brave gunner at- 
tempted to scramble out from the open port-hole, the water rushing 
swept him back, and he went down in the sinking vessel. The Cum- 
berland went down in fifty-four foot water, her pennant still flying 
from the mast-head above the waves that had engulphed her. Some 
of the crew succeeded in swimming to land, others were saved by 
small boats from the shore; but more than one hundred men went 
down into the watery grave that closed over the gallant ship. 

"Having sunk her first antagonist, the Virginia next turned her 
attention to the Congress, which was left to fight the battle alone, as 
neither the Minnesota, which had grounded about one mile and a half 
from Newport News, the Roanoke, nor the St. Lawrence could approach 
near enough, from want of sufficient depth of water, to render material 
assistance. Having witnessed the fate of the Cumberland, the comman- 
der of the Congress had hoisted sail, and with the help of a tug-boat had 
run the frigate ashore in water too shoal to permit the Virginia to run 
her down. But the iron-clad, taking a position about two hundred 
yards from her, raked her fore and aft with shell, while the other small 
vessels of the Confederate squadron joined in the fire. Every shell 
burst inside the frigate. The effect was awful. Blood and brains 
spurted in the air, and human bodies were cut in twain, or mangled 
in the most horrible manner. Arms, legs and heads were scattered 
in every direction, while here and there in the agonies of death might 
be found poor wretches, with their breasts torn completely out. 

"The Congress was fast aground, and could only bring two of 
her guns to bear on the Virginia. In a few moments her colors were 
hauled down, and a white flag hoisted at the gaff and half-mast, and 
another at the main. The little gunboat Beaufort was run alongside, 
with instructions from Capt. Buchanan to take possession of the Con- 
gress, secure the officers as prisoners, allow the crew to land, and 
burn the ship. The Congress was within rifle-shot from the shore, 
and as the Beaufort came alongside the prize, the enemy on the shore. 



is 

having brought a Parrott gun down to the beach, opened upon the 
Confederate vessel a perfidious fire. The frigate had two white flags 
flying at the time. Lieut. Minor was severely wounded, and several 
of the crew of the Beaufort. But there were other additions to this 
treachery, for when the Beaufort had first come alongside of the Con- 
gress, Lieut. Parker, commanding the gunboat, had received the flag 
of the ship, and her surrender from Lieut. Prendergast, with the side 
arms of the other officers. After having delivered themselves as pri- 
soners of war on board the Beaufort, the officers were allowed, at 
their own request, to return to the Congress to assist in removing the 
wounded. Tliey never returned, though they had pledged their 
honor to do so, and in witness of that pledge had left their swords 
with Lieut. Alexander, on board the Beaufort. 

"In the fire from the shore, Capt. Buchanan had received a 
severe wound in the thigh. He ordered the Congress to be destroyed 
by hot shot and incendiary shell, her officers and crew having treach- 
erously escaped to the shore; and fioding himself disabled by his 
wound, transferred the command of the Virginia to Lieut. Catesby 
Jones, with orders to fight her as long as the men could stand to their 
guns. But there were now only two hours of daylight left. The 
Virginia bore down upon the stranded Minnesota. The Roanoke, 
after groundiug, had gone down the Roads. The St. Lawrence, in 
tow of a steamer, had approached the Minnesota. She too grounded, 
and after receiving a single shell, and returning a harmless broadside, 
was dragged off, and steered down towards Fortress Monroe. The 
shoalness of the channel prevented the near approach of the Virginia 
to her third antagonist; but she continued to fire upon the Minne- 
sota, until the pilots declared that it was no longer safe to remain in 
that position. 

"At 7 P. M., the Virginia hauled off, and returned to Norfolk, 
reserving for another day the completion of her work. She had al- 
ready in a single half-day achieved one of the most remarkable tri- 
umphs ever made on the water. She had destroyed two powerful 
vessels, carrying three times her number of men, and full six times 
her weight of armament; she had engaged two other great vessels; 
and she had only been prevented from destroying them, because she 
could not come to close quarters with them. The Cumberland went 
into action with 376 men. When the survivors were mustered there 
were only 255. She lost 121 in killed and drowned. The crew of 
the Congress were 434 officers and men; of these, 298 got to shore, 2G 
of them being wounded, 10 mortally; there were in all 120 killed and 
missing; about 20 of these were made prisoners, leaving a roll of 
killed and drowned of 100 men. Besides these, II were killed on the 
Minnesota, and 16 wounded; an absolute loss of fully 2. r >o officers 
and men. On the Virginia there bat two killed and eight wounded. 
On the other Confederate vessels four were killed and a few more 
wounded.'' 



19 



THE BATTLE SCENE. 

At the bottom of the certificate is a typical battle scene, and the 
one selected represents Heth's Division, commanded by Pettigrew 
of Hill's Corps, on the left fl*nk, in Pickett's renowned charge at 
Gettysburg, which is thus described in Pollard's Lost Cause: 

"The morning of the 3d July, 18G3, wore away with but little in- 
cident of conflict. On the extreme left, where Johnson occupied the 
right bank of Rocky Creek, there were some desultory action; but 
Gen. Lee did not]attempt to assist this part of the line, hoping to re- 
trieve whatever might occur there by a vigorous movement against 
the centre of the enemy's position. Early in the morning he ascended 
the College cupola in Gettysburg to reconnoitre. Pickett's division 
of three brigades, numbering less than five thousand men, which 
had been left to guard the rear, reached the field of Gettysburg on 
the morning of the 3d. This body of Virginia troops was now to 
play a part the most important in the contest, and on this summer 
day to make a mark in history, to survive as long as the language 
of glorious deeds is read in this world. 

"About noon there was a deep calm in the warm air. Gen. Lee 
determiaed to mass his artillery in front of Hill's corps, and under 
cover of this tremendous fire to direct the assault on the enemy's 
centre. To this end more than one hundred jneces of artillery were 
placed in position. On the opposite side of the valley might be 
perceived the gradual concentration of the enemy in the woods, the 
preparations for the mighty contest that was at last to break the 
ominous silence with a sound of conflict such as was scarcely ever 
before heard on earth. It was a death-like silence. At 12:30 P. M., 
the shrill sound of a Whitworth gun pierced the air. Instantly 
more than two hundred cannon belched forth their thunder at one 
time. It was absolutely appalling. An officer writes: 'The air was 
hideous with most discordant noise. The very earth shook beneath 
our feet, and the hills and rocks seemed to reel like a drunken man. 
For one hour and a half this most terrific fire was continued, during 
which time the shrieking of shell, the crash of falling timber, the 
fragments of rocks flying through the air, shattered from the cliffs 
by solid shot, the heavy mutterings from the valley between the 
opposing armies, the splash of bursting shrapnell, and the fierce 
neighing of wounded artillery horses, made a picture terribly 
grand and sublime.' 

"Into this scene of death moved out the Confederate column 
of assault, Pickett's division proceeded to descend the slope of hills 
and to move across the open ground. The front was thickly covered 
with skirmishers; then followed Kemper's and Garnett's brigades, 
forming the first line, with Armistead in support. On the flanks were 
— Heth's division, commanded by Pettigrew, of Hill's corps, and Wil- 
cox's brigade of McLaw's corps, the former on the left, the latter on 



20 



the right of the Virginians. Pickett led the attack. The five thou- 
sand Virginians descended the hill with ths precisionand regularity 
of a parade. As they reached the Emmitsburg road, the Confederate 
guns, which had fired over their heads to cover the movement, ceased, 
and there exposed these devoted troops to the uninterrupted fire of 
the enemy's batteries, while the fringe of musketry fire along a stone 
wall marked the further boundary of death to which they marched. 
No halt, no waver. Through half a mile of shot and shell pressed on 
the devoted column. It was no sudden impetus of excitement that 
c irried them through this terrible ordeal, it was no thin storm of fire 
which a dash might penetrate and divide. In every inch of air was 
the wing of death. Against the breadth of each man's body reared 
the red crest of Destruction. 

"Steadily the Virginians press on. The name of Virginia was 
that day baptized in fire, and illuminated forever in the temple of 
History. There had been no such example of devotion in the war. 
Presently wild cries ring out; the smoke-masked troops are in the 
enemy's works; there is a hand-to-hand contest, and again and again 
the Confederate flag is lifted through the smoke over the shrinking 
columns of the enemy. Garnett is dead. Armistead is mortally 
wounded. Kemper is shot down. Every brigadier of the division is 
killed or wounded. But Pickett is unscathed in the storm; his flash- 
ing sword has taken the key of the enemy's position, and points the 
path of the conflict through his broken columns; the glad shout of 
victory is already heard; and on the distant hill of observation, where 
a little group of breathless spectators had watched the scene, Long- 
street turns to Gen. Lee to congratulate him that the day is won. 

'Vain ! vain ! Overlooking the field, Gen. Lee saw that the troops 
of Pettigrew's division had wavered. Another moment, and they had 
fallen back in confusion, exposing Pickett's division to attack both 
from front and flank. The courage of Virginians could do no more. 
Overwhelmed, almost destitute of officers, and nearly surrounded, the 
magnificeut troops of Pickett gave way. Slowly and steadily they 
yielded ground, and, under the heavy fire which the artillery poured 
into their broken ranks, they retraced their steps across the fatal 
valley. 

'The enemy did not move from his works, and the new crisis 
for which (len. Lee had so quietly prepared, did not come. Night 
f<U over the third scene of bloodshed. The Confederate loss in this 
frightful scries of engagements exceeded ten thousand men. Some 
of the details of this loss exhibit instances of desperate conflict which 
shock the heart. Jn Pickett's division, out of twenty-four regimental 
officers only two escaped unhurt. The Ninth Virginia went in two 
hundred and fifty strong, and o ime out with only thirty-eight men. 
In another part of the field the Eighth Georgia rivalled this ghastly 
record of glory. It went into battle with thirty -two officers, out of 



21 

which twenty-four were killed or wounded. The Federal loss in the 
engagement proper at Gettysburg is not known. Gen. Meade acknowl- 
edged to the total lots during the campaign of 23,186 killed, wounded, 
and missing. Nearly half 01 these are to be found in the total of 
prisoners, including the captures of Winchester." 

FORCES ENGAGED 1861-1865. 

Are given in the following figures: Federal 2,865,028, and Con- 
federate 600,000; and is obtained as follows: Letter from General 
Marcus J. Wright, War Record Office, Washington, D. C, dated 
March 8 1897", "The official report of the Adjutant General of the 
United States on November 9tb, 1880, foots up the strength of the 
United States army in the late war, as follows: Total quota 2,703,670, 
total men furnished 2,778,304, paid commutation 86,724, total 2,865,- 
028; aggregate reduced to a three years standard 2,324,516. See 
appendix for details. 

Absence of full official data makes it impossible to give the exact 
number of Confederate troops engaged in the war. The most careful 
estimates made, fix the number at between six and seven hundred 
thousand.' See appendix for list of regiments etc. by States, and 
details. 

Also following extract from Report of Historical Committee, 
Lieutenant General S. D. Lee, Chairman, dated Birmingham, Ala., 
April 25th, 1894: "A people who, for four long years, fought over 
almost every foot of their territory, on over 2000 battlefields, with the 
odds of 2,865,028 enlisted men against their 600,000 enlisted men, 
and their coasts blockaded and rivers filled with gunboats, with 600 
vessels of war manned by 35,000 sailors, and who protracted the 
struggle until one half of their soldiers were dead from the casualties 
of war, had something to fight for." 

Also the careful estimates made by the late Dr. Joseph Jonts 
Surgeon General of the "U. C. Vs. and other able statisticians fixes the 
number of Confederate troops at 600,000. 

The distinguished author Dr. Jones says: 

Killed, Wounded and Prisoners of the Confederate Arm;/. 
y ear< Killed. Wounded. Prisoners. 



1861 



1,315 4,054 '2.772 

1863 18,582 68,6;V.) 48,300 

1863 

1864 



18641 
1865J 



11,876 51,313 71,211 

22,200 70,000 - 80,000 



Total, 1861-5 53,973 194,026 202,283 



22 

During the period of nineteen months, January, 1862, July, 1863, 
inclusive, over one million cases of wounds and disease were entered 
upon the Confederate field reports, and over four hundred thousand 
cases of wounds upon the hospital reports. The number of cases of 
wounds and disease treated in the field and general hospitals were, 
however, greater during the following twenty-two months, ending 
April, 1865. It is safe to affirm, therefore, that more than three mil- 
lion cases of wounds and disease were cared for by the officers of the 
Medical Corps of the Confederate Army during the civil war of 1861- 
1865. The figures, of course, do not indicate that the Confederacy 
had in the field an army approaching three millions and a half. On 
the contrary, the Confederate forces engaged during the war 1861- 
1865 did not exceed 600,000. Each Confederate soldier was, on an 
average, disabled for greater or lesser period, by wounds and sick- 
ness, about six times the war. 

Losses of the Confederate Army, 1861-1865. 

Confederate forces actively engaged during the war 1861-1865 600,000 

Grand total deaths from battle, wounds and disease 200,000 

Losses of Confederate Army in prisoners during the war on account of 

(lie policy of non-exchange adopted and enforcedby.the United States, 200,000 
Losses of the Confederate Army from discharges for disabilities from 

wounds and disease and desertion during the years 1861-1865 100,000 

If this calculation be correct, one-third of all the men actually 
engaged on the Confederate side were either killed outright on the 
field or died of disease and wounds; another third of the entire num- 
ber were captured and held for indefinite periods prisoners of war; 
and, of the remaining 200,000, at least one-half were lost to the ser- 
vice by discharge and desertion. 

At the close of the war the available active force in the field, and 
those fit for duty, numbered scarcely 100,000 men. 

The great Army of Northern Virginia, surrendered by General 
Ilobert E. Lee on the 9th of April, 1865, could not muster 10,000 men 
fit for active warfare.* Of this body of 600,000 men, 53,073 were 
killed outright and 194,026 wounded on the battle field. One-third 
of the entire Confederate army was confided to the Confederate sur- 
geons for the treatment of battle wounds; and, in addition to such 
giganiic service, the greater portion, if not the entire body of the 
600,000 men, were under the care of the medical department for the 
treatment of disease. 

* Colonel Taylor, Eour years with Lee, says: 

"There were 7,892 men of the Army of Northern Virginia who had 
arms in their hands at the surrender. The total number including 
those who reported afterwards, was between 26,000 and 27,000. 
Grants army numbered 102,239." 



23 



The whole number of troops mustered into the service of the 
Northern army, during the war of 1801-1865, was 2,789,893, cr about 
three times as large as the entire fighting population of the Confed- 
erate States. At the time of the surrender of the Confederate armies, 
and the close of active hostilities, the Federal force numbered 1,000,- 
516 of all arms, officers and men, and equalled in number the entire 
fighting population of the Southern Confederacy. 

Opposed to this immense army of one million of men, supplied 
with the best equipments and arms, and with the most abundant 
rations of food, the Confederate government could oppose less than 
one hundred thousand war-worn and battle-scarred veterans, almost 
all of whom had, at some time, been wounded, and who had followed 
the deperate fortunes of the Confederacy for four years with scant 
supply of rations, and almost without pay; and jet the spirit of the 
Confederate soldier remained proud and unbroken to the last charge, 
as was conclusively shown by the battles of Franklin and Nashville, 
Tennessee; the operations around Richmond and Petersburg; the 
last charge of the Army of Northern Virginia; the defense of Fort 
McAlister on the Ogeechee river in Georgia, where 250 Confederate 
soldiers, in an open earthwork, resisted the assaults of moje than five 
thousand Federal troops, and never surrendered, but were cut down 
at their guns; at West Point, Georgia, where there was a similar dis- 
parity between the garrison and the assaulting corps, where the first 
and second in command were killed, and the Confederates cut down 
within the fort; the defense of Mobile in Alabama, and the battle of 
Bentonville in North Carolina." 



THE GREAT SEAL OF THE CONFEDERACY. 

In the right hand low r er corner of the Memorial or Certificate, 
attesting all these glorious actions of the past, is the Great Seal of the 
Confederacy, the authenticity of which is given as published in the 
Confederate Veteran of March, 1897, as follows: 

"The cut is copied from a photo engraving made from a bronze 
copy belonging to Charley Herbst, bearing date of 1802, which is in 
the possession of Col. S. A. Cunningham, editor Con ft derate Veteran, 
Nashville, Tenn. This Great Seal was "designed by AVyon of Lon- 
don." 

"Mr. Herbst sends this old letter from J. S. and A. B. Wycn, 
'Chief Engravers of Her Majesty's Seals, dated London, March 6, 
1874: 



24 



" To all whom it may concern: 

" Having received from John T. Pickett, Esq., counselor at law, 
of "Washington City, in the United States of America, a certain im- 
pression of the Great Seal of the Confederate States of America, 
obtained by the electrotyped process, we hereby certify tbat the said 
impression is a faithful reproduction of tbe identical seal engraved in 
1864 by our predecessor, the late Joseph S. Wyon, Esq., of tbe Ro}al 
Mint, for James M. Mason, Esq., who was at that time in London, 
representing tbe interests of tbe Confederate Slates, of which the seal 
referred to was designed as tbe symbolical emblem of sovereignty. 

"We may add that it has been the invariable practice of our 
bouse to preserve proof impressions of all important seal work exe- 
cuted by us; and on a comparison of tbe impression now sent us with 
the proof impression retained by us we have no besitation in asserting 
that so perfect an impression could not have been produced, except 
from the original seal. We have never made any duplicate of the 
seal in question." 



SCROLL OF FAME. 

Then follows tbe certificate giving tbe record of tbe old soldier in 
the Confederate army. When and where he enlisted, his officers and 
command, tbe different engagements be was in, if wounded and how 
many times, or if taken a prisoner, how often and how long be re- 
mained a prisoner, and where confined, and other concise informa- 
tion relative to his record; when and where paroled or discharged, 
and rank at that period, all to be concisely and plainly written, all of 
which is to be signed by the Commanding General of the U. C.V'e. 



PICTURE OF THE HERO. 

On the right baud of tbe Memorial or Certificate of Membership 
is a space surrounded by a wreath, in which is to be placed the pict- 
ure of the old soldier, so that bis well known, war-worn and battle- 
scarred features can be placed side by side with the record of his un- 
doing glory, so nobly won in the most memorable war recorded in 
histuiy; and which will thus transmit his loved features as well as 
the priceless history of his fame, to bis family and to future genera- 
tions, and on down through the aisles of Time 

"Nor shall you he forgot 
While Fame her record keeps."' 



25 



U. C. V. SEAL 

In lower left hand comer, giving official sanction to the Memorial 
and Certificate of Membeiship, is ihe Peal adopted by the 'Social, 
Literary, Historical and Benevolent," United Confederate Veteran 
Association, on the 31st day ol October, 1891, wlich has been in use 
ever since. 

"THE END." 

At the top of the right hand corner "The End" is true aud sug- 
gestive. With many old veterans the end came on April 9th, 1865, 
when with bowed heads and tearfnl eye?, they saw their loved ban- 
ner float away from their sight forever behind the clouds at Appo- 
mattox, or took up their weary march for home from Joseph E. 
Johnston's surrender at Greensborougb, N. C, on April 26th; or 
General Dick Taylor's surrender at Gainesville, Ala., on May 9th; or 
disbanded when General Kirby E Smith closed the greut drama of 
1861-1865 by his surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department on 
May 26tb, which the main body of the Missouri troops acceded to on 
June 14th; or when the GreatMissouri Chieftain Jo Shelby refusing 
to surreuder left Confederate soil on the 4th day of July, 1865; but 
the end is here given for each one of the old war-worn veterans, and 
which all can claim alike — at that supreme moment, when the stainless 
flag which he bad followed through four years of glorious service, 
unmatched in the annals of Time, left his sight and floated off with his 
hopes and aspirations into the azure clouds amongst the stars and 
away into the night of despair, as is so beautifully pictured in the 
immortal words of Judge A. J. Requier, of Mobile, Ala., in his cele- 
brated poem, "Ashes of Glory:" 

"The warrior's banner takes its Bight, 
To greet the warrior's soul." 

GEO. MOORMAN, 

Adjutant General and Chief of Staff. 



26 



1 1ST JD O PISE TVE EN T S. 



Atlanta, Ga., May 14, 1897. 
Major General Geo. Moorman, 

Adjutant General and Chief of Staff, 

New Orleans, La. 

I have critically examined the U. C V. Memorial or Certificate 
of Membership, as prepared and arranged by you under Section two, 
Article eight of the Constitution, and think it is beautiful and appro- 
priate for the purpose for which it is intended. 

The representation, of the "Battle of Gettysburg," which I wit- 
nessed and in which I participated, is as nearly correct as it is possi- 
ble for such a picture to be made. 

I approve of the historical features of the Certificate, and of all 
its surroundings. It is a gem, fit to enchase and transmit the rec- 
ords of the old heroes undying histor}', to posterity and the ages. 

J. B. GORDON, 

General Commanding U. C. Vs. 



Agricultural College, Mis?., April 21, 1897. 

Major General Geo. Moorman, 

Adjutant General and Chief of Staff, U. C. I"*., 

New Orleans, La. 

I have critically examined the "Certificate of Membership" for 
the U. C. V's, and I pronounce the picture, of the "Bombardment of 
Fort Sumter" which I witnessed and participated in, as historically 
correct as could be made. 1 think the Certificate very handsome 
indeed, and I approve of the historical ornaments and setting around 
the certificate which is to carry the record of the old veterans down 
to countless generations. 

S. D. LEE, 

Lieut. General Commanding Army of Tenn. Dep't, V. C. Vs. 



27 

Dallas, Texas, May 15, 1897. 

Major General Geo. Moorman, 

Adjutant General and Chief of Staff, U. C. V's, 

New Orleans, La. 

I have carefully and critically examined the U. 0. V. Certificate 
of Membership, and pronounce your ideas and design magnificent, 
and the execution of the work splendid. I approve of its historical 
features, and all of its details, as a most appropriate Memorial or 
Souvenir to accompany the record and picture of the grandest old 
soldiers in history, to the end of Time. 

W. L. CABELL, 
Lieut. General Commanding Trans-3Iiss. Dep't, U. C. Vs. 



Columbia, S. C , May 15, 1897. 
Major General Geo. Moorman, 

Adjutant, General and Chief of Staff-, U. C. Vs., 

New Orleans, La. 

I have examined the U. C. V. Memorial or Certificate of Mem- 
bership as prepared by you, and join Generals Gordon, Lee and 
Cabell in certifying to its beauty, and appropriateness for the pur- 
pose for which it is designed. 

The historic Confederate mementoes and emblems surrounding 
the record of the old veterans glorious service, is a fit setting to 
accompany the story of their glory forever. 

WADE HAMPTON, 

Lieut. General Commanding Army of X. Va. Dep't, U. C. V's. 



28 
-A.FFEXsT 3D 1221. 

All cf the following valuable tables and information, were kindly 
furnished by General Marcus J. Wright, Agent for the Collection of 
Confederate Records, War Records Office, War Department, Wash- 
ington, D. C, and will be of the greatest interest to all old veterans. 

Statement of Number of Men called for by the President of the 
Uuited States, and Number furnished by each State, Territory, 
and District of Columbia, from April 15, 1861, to close of the War. 



STATES 

AND 

TERRITORIES. 



Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island .... 

Connecticut. 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

West Virginia 

District of Columbia. . 

Obio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa • 

Missouri 

Kentucky 

Kansas 

Tennessee 

Arkansas 

North Carolina 

California 

Nevada. 

Oregon 

Washington Territory 

Nebraska Territory . 

Colorado Territory . . . 

Dakota Territory .... 

New Mexico Territory 

Alabama 

Florida 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Texas 

I iidiaii Nation 

Colored Troops* 

Totnl 



Aggregate. 



Quota. 



Men fur 
nished. 



Paid 
commuta 

tion. 



73,587 
35,897 
32,074 
139,095 
18,898 
44,797 
507,148 
92,820 
385,369 
13,935 
70,965 
34,463 
13,973 
306,322 
199,788 
244,496 
95,007 
109 080 
26326 
79,521 
122,496 
100,782 
12,931 
1,560 
780 
1,560 



2,763 670 



70,107 
33,937 
33,288 
146,730 
23,236 
55,864 
448,850 
76,814 
337,936 
12,281 
46,638 
32,068 
16,534 
313,180 
196,363 
259,092 
87,364 
91,327 
24,020 
76 242 
109,111 
75,760 
20,141 
31,092 
8,289 
3,156 
15,725 
1,080 
1,810 
961 
3,157! 
4,903 
206 
6,561 
2,576 
1,290 
5,224 
545; 
1,965 
3,530 
99,337 



Total. 



2,007 
692 

1,974 

5,318 
463 

1,515 
18,197 

4,196 
28,171 

1,386 

3,678 

33S 

6,471 

7*4 

55 

2,008 

5,097 

1,032 

67 



3,265 
2 



Aggregate 

reduced to 

a three 

years' 

standard. 



72,114 
34,629 
35,262 
152.048 
23,699 
57,379 
467,047 
81,010 
3(56,107 
13,670 
50,316 
32,068 
16,872 
319,650 
197,147 
259,147 
89,37*2 
96,424 
25,052 
76,309 
109,111 
79,025 
20,151 
31,092 
8,289 
3,156] 
15,725 
1,080 
1,810 
964 
3,157 
4.S03 
206 
6,561 
2 576 
1,290 
5,224 
545 
l 966 
3,530 
99,337 



2,778,304 86,724 2,865,028 2.324.516 



56,776 
30,849 
29,068 
124,104 
17.866 
50,623 
392,270 
57,908 
265,517 
10,322 
41,275 
27,714 
11,506 
240,514 
153 576 
214.133 
80,111 
79,260 
19,693 
68,630 
86,530 
70,832 
18,706 
26,394 
7,836 
3,156 
15,725 
1,080 
1,773 
964 
2,175 
3,697 
206 
4,432 
1,611 
1,290 
4,654 
545 
1,632 
3.530 
96,033 



"Colored Troops organized at various stations in the States in rebellion, 
embracing all not specifically credited to States, and which cannot be so 
assigned. 

WAR DEPARTMENT, 
January, 1892. Record and Pension Division. 



29 



STATEMENT OF CONFEDERATE FORCES, ALPHABETI- 
CALLY ARRANGED. 

There is no correct tabulated statement of the number of men 
furnished the Confederate government by each State, but the state- 
ment of the number of regiments, battalions, etc., is nearly correct 
and is given here from memorandums kindly furnished by General 
Marcus J. Wright, who says: "It will have to be stated that these 
organizations were all formed and reported. Many were merged, 
and other changes made." Also: "It will be seen that there are 
troops mentioned as Militia Reserves and Local Defense troops, and 
Partisan Rangers, all of whom may be properly named as militia, yet 
a report of forces furnished by each State should include all named 
who are found in official records." 

[Of course the reader will distinguish the troops who went to 
the front and made up the Confederate Army, from the Militia. 

Adjutant General.] 



ALABAMA. 



CI Infantry Regiments. 
20 Infantry Battalions. 

17 Cavalry Regiments. 

18 Cavalry Battalions. 

4 Battalions of Artillery, although 

six named. 
1 Regiment Partisan Rangers. 



Battalions Partisan Rangers. 
4 Regiments of Militia. 

1 Company Local Defense troops. 
4 Regiments of Reserves. 

1 Battalion of Reserves. 
1 Legion (Hilliard's) Dissolved 
Nov. 23, 1863. 



63 Infantry Regiments. 

18 Infantry Battalions. 
14 Cavalry Regiments. 

19 Cavalry Battalions. 



ARKANSAS. 

2 Mounted Rifle?. 

1 Regiment 30 day Militia. 

3 Regiments State Militia. 
9 Artillery Batteries. 



CONFEDERATE. 



7 Infantry Regiments. 
4 Infantry Battalions. 



10 Cavalry Regiments. 
3 Cavalry Battalions. 



4 Regiments. 



ENGINEERS. 

2 Battalions. 



30 



FLORIDA 



11 Infantry Regiments. 
6 Infantry Battalions. 

2 Cavalry Regiments. 

3 Cavalry Battalions. 



68 Infantry Regiments. 
24 Infantry Battalions. 
14 Cavalry Regiments. 
If) Cavalry Battalions. 

1 Cavalry Militia Battalion. 
3 Sharpshooters Battalions. 
5 Regiments Reserves. 

2 Battalions Reserves. 

30 Regiments State Troops. 
19 Battalions State Troops. 
2 Local Defense Regiments. 



1 Battery Light Artillery. 
1 Commissary Battalion. 
1 Regiment of Reserves. 



GEORGIA. 



2 Local Defense Battalions. 
5 Militia Regiments. 

1 Militia Battalion. 

3 Regiments Partisan Rangers. 
3 Battalions Partisan Rangers. 
G Battalions of Artillery. 

5 Legions — Cobb's, Floyd's, Phil- 

ip's, Smith's, Wright's, (Floyd's 
State Guards ) 

6 Artillery Battalions. 
1 Siege Train. 



INDIANS. 



1st (Meyer's) Cherokee Battalion. 

Bryan's Cherokee Cavalry Battal- 
ion. 

1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles. 

1st Chickasaw Cavalry Battalion. 

1st Chickasaw Cavalry Regiment. 

1st Choctaw Cavalry Battalion. 

McCurtain's Choctaw Battalion. 

1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Monn 
ted Rifles. 

1st Choctaw Cavalry War Regi- 
ment. 



1st Choctaw Cavalry Regiment. 
1st Seminole Cavalry Battalion. 
1st Creek Cavalry Battalion. 
2d Cherokee Mounted Rifles. 
2d Creek Regiment. 
3d Choctaw Regiment. 
— Cherokee Battalion. 
— Chickasaw Cavalry Battalion. 
•Drew's Cherokee Mounted Rifles. 
Osage Battalion. 



10 Infantry Regiments. 
4 Infantry Battalions. 
15 Cavalry Regiments. 
12 Cavalry Battalions. 



KENTUCKY. 

4 Battalions Mounted Rifles. 

3 Partisans Rangers. 

4 Batteries of Artillery. 



LOUISIANA. 



37 Infantry Regiments. 
ir> Infantry Battalions. 
Id Cavalry Regiments. 

('• Cavalry Battalions. 

1 Partisan Rangers Regiment. 

1 1'artisan Rangers Battalion. 
11 Militia Regiments. 



2 Militia Regiments. 

1 Regiment Artillery. 
10 Batteries. 

3 Battalions. 
Mile.s' Legion. 
Stewart's Legion. 



31 



MISSISSIPPI, 



49 Infantry Regiments. 

15 Infantry Battalions. 
24 Cavalry Regiments. 

16 Cavalry Battalions. 

1 Regiment Cavalry Reserves. 

7 Regiments State Troops. 
3 Battalions State Troops. 

8 Battalions State Cavalry. 

1 Mixed Regiment, j Mississippi, 
Alabama and Tennessee. 

1 Mixed Battalion, Mississippi 
and Tennessee. 



1 Mixed Mississippi and Alabama 
Cavalry Battalion. 

1 Partisan Rangers Regiment. 

1 Partisan Rangers Battalion. 

5 Battalions Sharpshooters. 

1 Artillery Regiment. 

1 Artilltry Battalion. 

1 Artillery Battery. 
Jeff Davis Legion. 
Mixed Mississippi, Alabama and 
Georgia Cavalry. 



MISSOURI. 



44 Infantry Regiments. 
20 Infantry Battalions. 

45 Cavalry Regiments. 
14 Cavalry Battalions. 



1 Battalion Sharpshooters. 
1 Regiment Dismounted Cavalry. 
1 Battalion Artillery. 
10 Batteries Artillery. 



MARYLAND. 



2 Infantry Regiments. 
1 Infantry Battalion. 
Maryland Line composed of com- 
panies, squadrons, battalions 



and regiments of all arms. 

3 Cavalry Battalions. 

4 Batteries Artillery. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 



54 Infantry Regiments.. 

9 Infantry Battalions. 
11 Cavalry Regiments. 

5 Cavalry Battalions. 

3 Artillery Regiments. 

4 Artillery Battalions. 
1 Battery Artillery. 

1 Home Guards' Battalion. 
10 Regiments State Troops. 

1 Battalion Sharpshooters. 

2 Regiments Detailed Men. 



1 Regiment Reserves. 

7 Battalions Reserves. 

4 Junior Reserve Regiments. 

1 Junior Reserve Battalion. 

3 Senior Reserve Battalion. 
23 Militia Regiments. 

3 Partisan Rangers Battalions. 

1 Local Defense Troops Battalion. 

1 Prison Guard Battalion. 
Thomas' Legion Infantry and Cav- 
alry. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



29 Infantry Regiments. 
10 Infantry Battalions. 

7 Cavalry Regiments. 

10 Cavalry Battalions. 

3 Artillery Regiments. 
G Artillery Battalions. 
3 Regiments of Rifles. 
1 Battalion of Rifles. 

11 Regiments of Reserves. 

8 Battalions of Reserves. 



3 Battalions of Sharpshooters. 
1 Regiment of Sharpshooters. 
9 Militia Regiments. 

Regiments State Troops. 

1 Battalion State Troops. 
1 Militia Legion. 

1 Hampton's Legion. 
1 Holcomb's Legion. 
1 Naval Battalion. 
1 State Cadets Battalion. 



32 



TENNESSEE. 



84 Infantry Regiments. 

5 Infantry Battalions. 
3G Cavalry Regiments. 
31 Cavalry Battalions. 

1 Regiment Heavy Artillery. 

1 Regiment Light Artillery. 



1 Battalion of Artillery. 

1 Battalion of Sharpshooters. 

1 Cavalry Legion. 

1 Battalion State Troops. 

1 Company Zouaves. 



TEXAS. 



23 Infantry Regiments. 
Vi Infantry Battalions. 
45 Cavalry Regiments. 
20 Cavalry Battalions. 

1 Artillery Regiment. 
11 Artillery Battalions. 

1 Regiment State Troops. 

3 Regiments Partisan Rangers. 

1 Battalion Partisan Rangers. 

1 Reserve Corps. 
Waul's Legion. 



Whitfield's Legion. 

8 Regiments State Troops. 

fi Battalions State Troops. 

CAVALRY ARIZONA BRIGADE. 

3 Regiments. 

7 Battalions. 

1 Indian Texas Regiment 

1 Company Texas Rangers. 

1 Regiment Mounted Rifles. 

1 Battalion Sharpshooters. 



70 Infantry Regiments. 
70 Infantry Battalions. 
20 Cavalry Regiments. 
25 Cavalry Battalions. 

4 Artillery Regiments. 
14 Artillery Battalions. 

8 Reserve Regiments. 



VIRGINIA. 

12 Reserve Battalions. 

1 Sharpshooters Battalion . 
50 Militia Regiments . 
1 Partisan Ranger Regiment. 
1 Partisan Ranger Battalion. 
3 Local Defense Regiments. 

13 Local Defense Battalions. 



Following note from General Marcus J. Wright is given by way 
of explanation: "The above shows list of organizations. Many were 
disbanded, merged, etc Of course Virginia did not have 50 Militia 
Regiments in the field, but the papers show the existence of those 
named, not in numbers, but in name. Tennessee did not have 84 
Infantry Regiments in the field, but she bad that many organizations 
from 18G1-18G5." 

Official. GEO. MOORMAN, 

Adjutant General and Chief of Staff. 






LIBRRRY OF CONGRESS 



013 701 545 6 




